Burst of newborn stars in young star cluster puzzles astronomers

Burst of newborn stars in young star cluster puzzles astronomers
Each point represents one star. Black points are normal stars. Blue and red points represent blue straggler stars belonging to two clear sequences. The blue solid and blue dashed lines are theoretical model predictions. The left sequence is composed of blue straggler stars formed roughly at the same time. Credit: NAOC

Since the limited amount of gas that survived from the first bulk star-forming process will be quickly expelled within several million years, star clusters have long been thought of as "infertile" stellar systems that cannot form new stars. Only collisions or mergers of stars can lead to rejuvenation of much older stars, making them look younger than most normal stars in much the same way as humans apply facelifts.

Such are known as "blue stragglers," because they appear to "straggle" behind the natural evolution of most stars in a star cluster: They still resemble extremely hot (and therefore blue) young stars.

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, an international research team led by Dr. DENG Licai from the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) detected an unexpected population of blue straggler stars in a young "globular" cluster, known by its catalogue number NGC 2173.

This is surprising, because blue straggler stars in this cluster seem to have formed in a well-defined burst. The team's findings were published in The Astrophysical Journal.

"In principle, stellar collisions or binary mergers should not take place at the same time. They will happen randomly in star clusters and produce blue straggler stars that seem to have different ages," said Dr. LI Chengyuan of Australia's Macquarie University, the first author of this work.

Astronomers study stellar ages using a common diagram that relates stellar brightness to temperature at the stellar surface. Blue straggler stars formed randomly would produce a smattering of stars across the diagram. If they were born at the same time, however, they would clearly show a tight sequence. In NGC 2173, Dr. DENG and his colleagues detected two distinct sequences of blue straggler stars in the diagnostic diagram.

Although this is not the first time astronomers have detected such clearly distinct blue straggler sequences in star clusters, such features were previously only found in old "globular" clusters, with ages more than 10 billion years. This is the first time astronomers have found a similar pattern in a much younger cluster of only 1 to 2 billion years old.

"When the very cores of clusters collapse under the gravity of all the stars in that small volume of space, we witness one of the most extreme astronomical events. When this happens, the cluster becomes extremely dense and you can imagine that many stellar collisions could happen in the core region. As a result, lots of blue straggler stars could be produced. For this reason, the double sequence of blue stragglers can be expected in clusters only when they get old, older than 10 billion years," said Dr. DENG.

"However, we did not find any evidence that supports the presence of a collapsed core in this cluster. In addition, the conditions in this even disfavor the occurrence of many stellar collisions," said Dr. LI.

An anonymous reviewer solicited by the editors of The Astrophysical Journal wrote, "This work certainly presents unexpected, and therefore interesting observational results... It challenges the generality of explanations put forward for other such blue straggler sequences."

In a News & Views commentary published in the journal Nature Astronomy, Prof. Alison Sills from McMaster University in Canada wrote, "This is contradictory to our expectation. Star clusters and their populations seem to keep providing surprises every time we look just a litter closer."

More information: Chengyuan Li et al, An Unexpected Detection of Bifurcated Blue Straggler Sequences in the Young Globular Cluster NGC 2173, The Astrophysical Journal (2018). DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaad65

Citation: Burst of newborn stars in young star cluster puzzles astronomers (2018, May 7) retrieved 29 March 2024 from https://phys.org/news/2018-05-newborn-stars-young-star-cluster.html
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