Uncovering the personality of wonder ultrathin materials

Imperfections make people interesting; the same goes for crystals.

Now physicists at the University of York working with an international team of researchers, have shifted their focus from defects in bulk crystals to those in ultra-thin crystal sheets of only one atom or one molecule thickness.

Following the discovery of graphene, an ultra-thin wonder material made of a carbon sheet of only one atom thickness, a number of other ultra-thin membranes have become the focus of study by nanotechnologists. These ultra-thin materials can be used not only to study physics in 'flat land' but also can be used as building blocks to produce ultra-thin or artificially stacked and flexible electronic devices.

Using sophisticated high-resolution electron microscopy, the researchers, who included scientists from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, Beijing University, Reming University and Chinese Academy of Science in Beijing, China and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia, have scanned these two-dimensional sheets for defects with resolution down to the atomic scale.

They have discovered that atomically thin molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) sheets have different 'personalities' or dominant defects depending how they are produced. If the atomically thin sheet is cleaved from minerals or grown by chemical reaction, then the dominant defects are loss of sulphur atoms from the crystalline structure. On the other hand, if the atomically thin sheet is grown by direct evaporation of bulk MoS₂, then the dominant defect is the so-called anti-site type with molybdenum atoms replacing sulphur atoms in the crystal.

Dr Matt Probert, the York lead of the development team for the 'CASTEP' program for calculating the properties of materials, said: "We have backed up the experimental findings with detailed atomic models of these defects and their formation energies."

Professor Jun Yuan, of the Department of Physics at York, added: "This information is essential to improve our effort to grow high quality MoS₂ for electronic applications where such defects are usually unwelcome."

Professor Chuanhong Jin, who led the project in Zhejiang University, said: "The anti-site defects uncovered through this study may not always be detrimental, as they may possess interesting magnetic properties in otherwise conventionally 'non-magnetic' materials. The research into these ultra-thin crystalline sheets is obviously just the beginning of another chapter of human's new exploration in the nanoworld."