Please (non-physicist) readers, don't take this to mean that light actually has mass or directly interacts with other photons. They created a system that behaves *as if* these things happen.
The article uses a lot of metaphor. Please (non-physicist) readers, don't take this to mean that light actually has mass or directly interacts with other photons. They created a system that behaves *as if* these things happen.
Please (non-physicist) readers, don't take this to mean that light actually has mass or directly interacts with other photons. They created a system that behaves *as if* these things happen.
Really? I am a physicist reader & I know energy fields have associated gravity fields. Why is that? Maybe "toot" knows & he can explain in to us.......?
I wonder if "toot" might know that when a photon is emitted from an atom, the atom becomes lighter by the quantity of the transformed mass, a lighter atom means less gravity associated with that atom because the transformed mass carried it away. We studied this in nuclear reactor design in engineering school.
Seconded. Naturally, a site like physorg can't be expected to just regurgitate the raw science - their raison d'être is translating science to the masses.No its not. They rarely translate anything. They mainly reprint press releases. There isnt even a byline for this article.
This may be a stupid question, but "causing the photon to slow dramatically"- what about the speed of light? How do photons slow down?The speed depends on the medium through which it is propagating.
...they created a medium (rarified gas, near absolute zero in this case) where the speed of light is measured to be very, very slow.
So, in the case where a distant galaxy is viewed after light has passed by a nearer intervening galaxy surrounded by "rarified gas, near absolute zero...", naturally a lot denser nearer the galaxy and rarer further away, would you expect refraction to take place? If so, does this mean that "gravitational lensing" does not produce the multiple images of the distant galaxy, but refraction by the nearer galaxy's gas "lens" does? Oh dear, this could upset a lot of people....
Great stuff, Franklins! You're very close, mate! In my ToE I identify and explain BOTH the 'mechanism' and the 'composite field' (observed already) which becomes even more powerful/effective in BEC and other superconducting & superfluidic energy-mass contexts. You're definitely on the right track! Kudos. :)The reason they form the never-before-seen (photon) molecules?Actually the experiments with cold atoms aren't solely equivalent to experiments with photons in vacuum - this environment is much denser and its excitons have non-zero rest mass - pretty well, like the rubidium atoms by itself. .... These photon molecules are an analogy of glueballs (clusters of gluons) inside of quark gluon plasma, which were observed during particle collisions. In AWT the highly energetic gamma ray photons can condense too in form of gamma ray burst, which do propagate across whole universe as a single body. These observations point to nonzero mass of photons in vacuum too.
Again, you've got it all taped, Franklins! Obviously the 'gravity waves' being looked for are associated with the expelled energies (in whatever form), which only 'manifest' that gravity effect when slowed and 'localized' into some energy-matter system which does not 'outrun' its own associated 'gravity effect' at the speed of light. You're on a roll, mate. Cheers!Well the stress energy tensor does interact with the curvature tensor (ie, energy curves space-time around it), but that doesn't mean the light itself has mass.But the mass must be contained with it, or we would violate the E=MC2 mass energy equivalence. For example, during supernovae explosions the mass of whole Sun is radiated in form of gamma rays in a brief moment, so it cannot disappear suddenly just because of relativity. IMO the gamma ray photons exhibit their own weak gravity field, which propagates with superluminal speed around them at distance.
..but "causing the photon to slow dramatically"- what about the speed of light? How do photons slow down?
Since it is probability based it does not occur instantaneously.The problem with such an explanation is, this mechanism would lead into gigantic scattering of light, because atoms would re-emit the light in random directions.
,... the phase is the same wavefunction component responsible for the interference fringes in the two slit experiment. It has no physical basis except to add or subtract probabilities. Each atomic layer considered at a time with each atom having a probability amplitude associated with it in absorbing and emitting the photon,...
can be produced by gamma rays doesn't that imply that the particles are made of the fundamental em?
Does this article therefore show that we ARE progressing in the direction of being able to use photons to produce material objects
This may be a stupid question, but "causing the photon to slow dramatically"- what about the speed of light? How do photons slow down?
Am I the only one who thinks the name Lukin rings any bells?
Any first year physics student could tell ya that refraction bends each color of the spectrum at slightly different angles, and gravitational lensing bends ALL colors at the SAME angle.
Reg, observations show that galaxies are surrounded by very _hot_ gaseous halos, known as galactic coronae
@QStar
Nice to hear from you, I expected you to emerge from your shell as soon as I posted anything controversial.
Any first year physics student could tell ya that refraction bends each color of the spectrum at slightly different angles, and gravitational lensing bends ALL colors at the SAME angle.
The amount of differential between different colours in refraction depends on the density and other properties of the medium..
A little thought about the VERY SMALL angle of refraction in so-called gravitational-lensing would be appreciated, rather than you trotting out your usual establishment refrains.
http://www.popsci...omments-
PHYSORG next
...disagreements between commenters impacted readers' perception of science.
If you carry out those results to their logical end--commenters shape public opinion; public opinion shapes public policy; public policy shapes how and whether and what research gets funded--you start to see why we feel compelled to hit the "off" switch.
When you do attempt to talk science, your posts end up such a garbled mess they are indecipherable. The use of philosophical buzz words does not make you intelligent nor correct.
No, the difference in refraction angle is dependent on the wavelength. In refraction, each wavelength refracts at a different angle.
In gravitational lensing each wavelength bends at the exact same angle.You know this for a fact, do you?
Producing rings, or multiple images is small? Uh huh,,,Rings and multiple images are more likely produced by an irregularly shaped convex lens than gravity, which should act like one central point at the centre of mass for any light passing at a distance.
No, the difference in refraction angle is dependent on the wavelength. In refraction, each wavelength refracts at a different angle.
If the average refraction is small, the difference between the amount of refraction of two wavelengths will be very small.
In gravitational lensing each wavelength bends at the exact same angle.You know this for a fact, do you?
Producing rings, or multiple images is small? Uh huh,,,Rings and multiple images are more likely produced by an irregularly shaped convex lens than gravity, which should act like one central point at the centre of mass for any light passing at a distance.
But in gravitational lensing the difference is ZERO.
Gravity affects all wavelengths equally.
Yes indeedy. Seen it with my own eyes.
Given that refraction is different for each wavelength in any medium due to propagation in the medium at a different speed (demonstrated in many experiments)
then photons of different wavelengths will be travelling at different speeds past a gravitational point and will therefore be deflected at different angles.
Therefore your statement is illogical. I suggest that the electronic measures introduced to eradicate optic lens imperfections actually distort what is seen, and you are viewing a computer generated simulation rather than reality.
Gravity affects all wavelengths equally.
It shouldn't, though, should it?
I see, you're hearing about dispersion first time. It's not possible to discuss any deeper things with you, after then.
I see, you even don't understand the difference between refraction and dispersion. You never heard of refraction different for each wavelength due to propagation of light in the medium at a different speed, do you?
It's exactly why gravitational lensing and geometrical lensing are so very easy to tell apartGeometric lenses may not exhibit dispersion too. The sign of dispersion may be both positive, both negative or close to zero. Vacuum is behaving like the metamaterial, in which the normal dispersion is balanced with anomalous dispersion in similar way, like the rain inside of http://aetherwave...les.html between rainbows during heavy rain.
At any rate, lensing due to cold galactic halos should be at the level of a homework problem at the advanced undergrad or grad-student level. I mean, I assume that there is some "well known" asymptotic formulas for refraction and dispersion through cold, low-density gasses.
Presumably, if there's significant chromatic abberation, that would also become clear.
Are there really that many astronomers who never bothered to double-check such results, you think?
....the single best evidence for dark matter there is. It's the only evidence that is incontrovertible using any known physics.
Really? I am a physicist reader & I know energy fields have associated gravity fields. Why is that? Maybe "toot" knows & he can explain in to us.......?
I wonder if "toot" might know that when a photon is emitted from an atom, the atom becomes lighter by the quantity of the transformed mass, a lighter atom means less gravity associated with that atom because the transformed mass carried it away. We studied this in nuclear reactor design in engineering school.
This may be a stupid question, but "causing the photon to slow dramatically"- what about the speed of light? How do photons slow down?The speed depends on the medium through which it is propagating.
http://www.news.h...ght.html
Mass has energy equivalence, but the form of the energy carried away by an emitted photon is momentum - [...] This relativistic mass of the photon is only relevant to its interaction energy with other mass. Photons do not gravitate.
Mass has energy equivalence, but the form of the energy carried away by an emitted photon is momentum - [...] This relativistic mass of the photon is only relevant to its interaction energy with other mass. Photons do not gravitate.
Is not that the stress-energy tensor in GR includes components of momentum and energy density, say otherwise? All forms of energy should .gravitate', even pressure.
So gravitational lensing only works if Dark Matter exists.
I repeat, there ain't no Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Gravity, Gravity Waves, Gravitons, Gravitinos, etc. Let me know as soon as you find any evidence to the contrary!
On previous occasions, you were asked kindly to drop a stone on your foot. It's that effect that is called "gravity", therefore it does not make logical sense to say "there [is] no Gravity".
I regard pressure more in terms of EM force than KE / heat, but the notion of a gravity acting upon it just seems like a non-sequitir.. Gravity is an interaction between masses, as magnetism is to charge. I think we're confusing "mass equivalence" and "mass" here..
something can only have energy in relation to something else.
Does the system's net mass change if we open the valve? What if we clamp the bellows shut, then open the valve - does the bellow's gravitational interaction increase?
I regard pressure more in terms of EM force than KE / heat, but the notion of a gravity acting upon it just seems like a non-sequitir.. Gravity is an interaction between masses, as magnetism is to charge.
@NoumenonOn previous occasions, you were asked kindly to drop a stone on your foot. It's that effect that is called "gravity", therefore it does not make logical sense to say "there [is] no Gravity".
True, that "effect" is called "gravity". The argument is that gravity does not exist as a force. The stone strikes your foot because the Earth, you, and the stone are all expanding, and the expanding Earth thrusts your foot up against the stone.
Can someone tell me why all EM frequencies bend equal under gravity when each frequency has a different energy? Then if you would be so kind as to explain also why we say a EM has no mass if gravity can bend light.
For many years, I have proposed that Winfree's law applies extensively in physics--to all phases of matter and their transitions, for example.
"Gravity does not bend light. Gravity is curvature of spacetime." ya know something... If string theory says that gravity is a string bound to this 3D+1 universe with only one end tied here and the other off in some wild dimension couldn't space time be curved by the ends of those strings trying to recombine? The larger a objects mass the more ends that dangle over there the stronger the combined total local force the more bending of space time??? Something to think about anyway. Wish I had the math to see if its right but I lost those skills.
Yes thank you that slipped from me for the moment, I'm sorry your right. That would allow for all frequencies. Still if EM's all have energy why not mass?
Not in GR. In a neutron star (of the right mass for the example), pressure becomes a significant additional source of gravitation, and acts as a runaway feedback mechanism, resulting in an inevitable collapse to a black hole,... where given the starting mass-only-source of gravity, it wouldn't have.
Again i struggle with this! Pressure eventually becomes quantum (due to Pauli exclusion) but surely a shrinking star's increasing density is the reason for increased gravity?
The problem i have is that if we loosely accept that "energy" gravitates, folks like Benni, above, conclude that photons do, too, and then use this conclusion to hypothesise about dark matter / energy / accelerating lambda etc..
disparate sources (such as stars in a galaxy) would merge into irreducibly-narrow beams!
Only in relation to how that energy interacts with something else. Energy is the ability to preform work. The most intuitive way to visualize it is it is an ability, a property.
Gravitation is only ONE manifestation of energy. The mass doesn't necessarily change. But if ya transfer energy, SOMETHING must change.Kinda, GMH would be the energy term. But a closed system's balance of energy should have no effect on its gravitational susceptibility..
Pressure is often defined by mass density and heat. It is a measure of force/area. Gravity affects the massless photon, in gravitational lensing, in gravitational redshift.Yes, p=F/A, and likewise F=MA, but mass doesn't increase with pressure, and gravity acts upon spacetime - the substrate, not the pertubations within it.
The photonic "molecule" described in this article is quite similar to a Cooper pair, as in BCS superconductivity. I'm surprised that the authors did not mention the similarity, and surprised further that none of the 82 prior comments mention the similarity.
but mass doesn't increase with pressure
gravity acts upon spacetime - the substrate, not the pertubations within it.
Energy is ALWAYS tied to some "platform", tied to some "thing" which possesses that "energy".
I like this line of thought - after all, conservation, per Noether, is dependent upon temporal invariance. Transient interactions might skew net mass..
I agree. In my view, matter comes into existence when two or more fundamental particles interact. Without that interaction, nothing exists in our universe. When the interaction takes place, matter exists in our universe. I have long argued against the existence of Dark Matter, but, should it exist, I suggest it could be matter springing into existence when two or more fundamental particles interact briefly then disappearing when the interaction ceases. When the interaction persists, matter remains in existence. Visualise two planets passing by each other, if the relative velocity is too great, the interaction is brief. If the relative velocity is lower, they orbit each other, and matter persists in our universe. As most encounters are brief, DM slips in and out of our universe, in far greater proportion than enduring encounters.
Can anyone who knows a decent amount about this tell me if it's a Bose-Einstein Condensate?
A loaded spring has mechanical PE, but negligible EM PE, say.
GMH would be the energy term. But a closed system's balance of energy should have no effect on its gravitational susceptibility..
Yes, p=F/A, and likewise F=MA, but mass doesn't increase with pressure,
Light doesn't gravitate, anymoreso than subjective energy terms.
The gravity doesn't "increase" due to increasing density. Gravity is mass dependent.I mean field densities, obvioushly..
No need to loosely accept that "energy" gravitates. We directly observe it. Gravity is source a of energy. Dark matter doesn't seem to interact electromagnetically. Acceleration is directly observed also.
disparate sources (such as stars in a galaxy) would merge into irreducibly-narrow beams!
@ Mr. Vibrating,
If the sun were to be instantly reduced the density required to become a black hole, the Earth would still experience the same gravitational field that it does now. The Earth's orbit would remain the same,,, if the Sun's mass remained the same, the gravity experienced at any distance "r" would remain the same.
When ya try to tie the quantum effects of particles to macro effects of gravity, ya are going to run into failures in the science. Very smart people have been working on it for almost a century now.S'truth.. Precisely my reservation re. gravitating photons.. and what seems to me the misguided notion of all energy terms all being subject to gravity..
@ Mr. Vibrating,,
I think that maybe what is stumping ya is the E = mc^2 thing,,,, energy is not an independent "thing". All energy is associated WITH a particle of some type. It is an attribute of something, not a something that has an independent existence. E = mc^2 is a mass-energy equivalence relationship.
If ya convert mass to energy, that energy is still associated with a particle. Be it a photon, and alpha particle, beta particle, or some other massive particle or even spacetime itself. Energy is ALWAYS tied to some "platform", tied to some "thing" which possesses that "energy".
The fundamental force which drives light (EM) is 40 order of magnitudes greater than gravity. A massless particle can't compete without some assistance from massive particles.
Not sure what you're saying - that massive matter inhibits gravitation of massless matter? Either massless matter gravitates or it doesn't..
If ya convert mass to energy, that energy is still associated with a particle. Be it a photon, and alpha particle, beta particle, or some other massive particle or even spacetime itself. Energy is ALWAYS tied to some "platform", tied to some "thing" which possesses that "energy".
Yes, this is precisely the nub of the gist of my contentions.. i think.. and which renders the notion of any such energy terms 'gravitating' a little bit too hand-wavy, for me...
but mass doesn't increase with pressure
But energy does, and 'flow of momentum', pressure, is expressed in Einsteins Stress-Energy tensor and is in proportion to the curvature tensor on the other side of the equation.
gravity acts upon spacetime - the substrate, not the pertubations within it.
It's well tested science. E = mc^2 is about as robust and consistent as anything in modern physics. It's not hand waving at all. It's tested on the quantum level, in fusion reactions, where mass goes down after a quanta energy is extracted. And mass goes up when a quantum of energy is added. One 4Helium weights less than four 1Hydrogen nuclei.. There are many examples in routine physics which are not "hand waving".
Can you describe a physical mechanism by which a loaded spring's gravitation increases? What factors within its structure might cause this?
If the sun were to be instantly reduced the density required to become a black hole, the Earth would still experience the same gravitational field that it does now. The Earth's orbit would remain the same,,, if the Sun's mass remained the same, the gravity experienced at any distance "r" would remain the same.
Exactly my point, and so refuting Noumenon's above assertions to the contrary.
It does not refute what I said. In other words, because pressure itself induces gravitation, there is a threshold limit of maximum density where there can not be any stable configuration of matter,.. thus leading to a black hole.Pressure in and of itself is PE, and thus inapplicable to the stress-energy-momentum tensor.
In the accelerated expansion of universe case, 'dark energy' (vacuum energy ~ cosmological constant, whatever) must be a negative pressure contribution to gravitation, IOW, pressure, negative or positive causes gravitation.
Again, i think you're just re-stating the commonly-held misunderstanding i'm trying to counter -
Besides, i'd attribute the form of energy in sprung tension to inter-molecular (ie. essentially EM) force gradients, rather than electron energy levels - it's the atomic/molecular density that gets warped.
But the static loaded spring only has increased PE, and this is excluded from the stress energy tensor - which applies to KE, specifically in its interaction with matter.
Show me where parallel light beams converge in flat space.... clearly however this is a nonsense, and there can be no paradoxes..!
It does not refute what I said. In other words, because pressure itself induces gravitation, there is a threshold limit of maximum density where there can not be any stable configuration of matter,.. thus leading to a black hole.
Pressure in and of itself is PE, and thus inapplicable to the stress-energy-momentum tensor.
If your hypotheses that 'all energy gravitates' were correct, surely DE would add to the universe's net gravity, rather than subtracting from it..?
Gravity is a form of energy. Orbits decay as gravity waves are emitted.
Gravity is a form of energy. Orbits decay as gravity waves are emitted.
LOL no, gravity is a force or an acceleration if you prefer, but not an energy form. Never an energy form.
Besides if the removal of energy from the system by the action of gravity waves causes gravity to increase
What do ya think causes EM force gradients?
It's only excluded because of it's minuscule magnitude.Mmm no i think it's question of static vs dynamic states, as described. The clues are right there in the term "relativistic momentum" - energy and mass are equivalent in that they're covariant, or conjugate, whatever the right term is; more of one = less of the other.
Not flat at local scales, but certainly is at general scales - we'd see light gravitating within the observable horizon..
Not nonsense & no paradox. Spacetime is not flat. 40 orders of magnitude separates the EM energy and gravitational energy of a photon...
You are just factually incorrect, as you can see from the http://i.stack.imgur.com/qAzuU.png The trace component that is 'flow of momentum' IS pressure. As you can see also, the stress of the spring adds to gravity. (but of course the spring would break apart long before any significant measure of gravity could be generated).Again though it is this very interpretation i'm contesting, since it leads to clear paradoxes, as i've laboured already.. gravity acts upon the stressing or unstressing of the spring, not the internal state of either result.
Au contraire, you stated "IOW, pressure, negative or positive causes gravitation." - hence DE adds to the net gravity.. while also subtracting from it.. another paradox.
Not if the pressure is negative, as I pointed out.
Gravity is a form of energy. Orbits decay as gravity waves are emitted.
LOL no, gravity is a force or an acceleration if you prefer, but not an energy form. Never an energy form.
Actually he is correct. and you are factually incorrect again. Two orbiting neutron stars are in fact observed to lose orbital energy. As you can see, the points are observation data, while the curved line is what is predicted using GR and the notion that gravitational waves carry away energy of the system.
That's not what was stated, the orbital period decreases.
LOL, taking Nounenon and Otto's suggestions together, any gravity well would form an instant closed-feedback loop, and the universe would have disappeared up it's own at the first instant...
This sounds somewhat confusingly, don't you think? In AWT the photons do indeed gravitate - the more, the more energetic they are. The photons of CMBR wavelength are essentially indistinguishable from CMBR background and they ignore the gravity field in essence (Hawking radiation), but the gamma ray photons do propagate like well defined particles and they're not only subject of gravitation, but they're doing gravity too. It's observable with luminosity of distant gamma bursts, which do propagate across whole Universe as rays and the self-gravitation of photons would explain it at least partially.
LOL, taking Nounenon and Otto's suggestions together, any gravity well would form an instant closed-feedback loop, and the universe would have disappeared up it's own at the first instant...
Why?
The energetic photons differ from harmonic Maxwell wave at the first look. They do propagate like the laser beams, which enables for example the construction of Leksell's gamma knife. Which means, once you collimate the single gamma ray photon, its path is not subject of Abbe's diffraction limit anymore. It propagates like the particle along well defined path for ever. Which brings the question, what such particles would do, if they would travel along parallel paths near each other. IMO they should revolve each other like any other massive particles and it's time to test it experimentally.
A loaded springs entire mechanical energy is a reflection of electromagnetism. That is what provides the force it contains.yes but its change in PE wrt an applied H field is nil. Point is, PE is subjective, relative. Gravity can't act on notional properties. A loaded spring only has PE if there's some future prospect of it unloading.
If the system is "closed" that is correct. But the gravitation comes from "outside" the system if mass or height is variable.Yes!
That depends on the scale under consideration. But if it does, it is because of a contribution of matter or energy from "outside".Agreed.
Of course it does, it is often included in balance sheets of "stuff" when doing the maths. But it is a minuscule contribution.... In the early universe radiation in the form of photons dominated over matter.You mean relativistic mass was greater than the rest mass, or else net gravity would decrease inversely to net entropy.
Otto's claim... "not even wrong"Sorry mr vibrator you can lol and philo-ize all you want but of course these things are not MY conclusions but those of scientists.
If you were both correct, the universe would be tiny and shrinking fast..I think perhaps this might describe your intellect? You pretend to know a lot about the subject, but dont seem to be aware of the standard and widely-accepted explanation for the source of gravity waves.
You mean relativistic mass was greater than the rest mass, or else net gravity would decrease inversely to net entropy.
gravity waves haven't been detected directly yet. But they are getting very close.
Why is it that, if you weigh a lump of lead on the surface of the Earth to be X gms., and you then hoist it up a pole of length L and weigh it again (using a spring balance, of course!), it weighs exactly the same X gms. But the "law" of gravity says that the force on it should be less, if the radius of the earth is R, then it should weigh F=Xgms=GEX/RR where E is the mass of the Earth. When hoisted up the pole, it should weigh F=GEX/(R+L)(R+L), which is LESS than X ----- but it still weighs Xgms...
Pssst, Reggie,,,, X grams is a measure of mass. It will not change regardless of where ya hoist it.
Didn't Einstein's proposal and the subsequent observation of starlight bending around the sun during an eclipse in ~1905 prove that light, aka a photon, does have mass???
Wouldn't that slowing impart a red shift to more distant objects
"Why is it that, if you weigh a lump of lead on the surface of the Earth to be X gms., and you then hoist it up a pole of length L and weigh it again (using a spring balance, of course!), it weighs exactly the same X gms.
Didn't Einstein's proposal and the subsequent observation of starlight bending around the sun during an eclipse in ~1905 prove that light, aka a photon, does have mass???
(Just for historical accuracy. The early observations of bending light during an eclipse were well within the error of the experimental setup. It was only much later that there was unequivocal proof of bending)
What these experiments showed is that space is curved. Light always travels in a straight line.
What do *you* think gravity is?
@meBigGuyWhat do *you* think gravity is?
I think all matter in our universe is expanding at the same rate, including you and me. TIme is related to the stage of expansion, and TIme passes as matter expands. "Gravity" is the force necessary to accelerate two objects away from each other in order to maintain the relative separation of the objects. So, gravity is not a force, but we perceive an effect as if it was. Although I admit to making facetious comments and suggestions not to be taken seriously, in this particular case I am serious. There are several articles available via Google to refute this theory, but if you apply reasonable logic against them they are spurious. There is no "proof" of the existence of gravity which cannot be ascribed equally to expansion theory.
Beware that a gang of Harvard "researchers" has already stole in Nature journals and, with further support of the MIT's ones, in ASC Nano Lett both the ideas and money of taxpayers. There are numerous swindlers from David H. Koch Inst. for Integrative Cancer Research and Dept of Chemical Engineering, also with Dept of Chemistry and Chem. Biology and School of Eng and Applied Science of Harvard University at http://issuu.com/...vard_mit .
Their plagiarisms titled Macroporous nanowire nanoelectronic scaffolds for synthetic tissues (DOI: 10.1038/NMAT3404) and Outside Looking In: Nanotube Transistor Intracellular Sensors (dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl301623p) were funded by NIH Director's Pioneer Award (1DP1OD003900) and a McKnight Foundation Technological Innovations in Neurosc Award, also a Biotechnology Research Endowment from the Dep. of Anesthesiology at Children's Hospital Boston and NIH grant GM073626, DE013023, and DE016516.
The discovery, Lukin said, runs contrary to decades of accepted wisdom about the nature of light. Photons have long been described as massless particles which don't interact with each other -- shine two laser beams at each other, he said, and they simply pass through one another.
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